The current webpage is designed to make additional research available to those who want to know how various fruits and fruit components influence triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) risk, development, growth and prognosis. At the bottom of this webpage are links to studies relating to the beneficial fruits listed in Foods to eat & avoid for triple negative breast cancer.
Fruit consumption inhibits triple negative disease primarily through the actions of polyphenols, among them:
- Cucurbitacin B (found, for example, in watermelons)
- Cyanidin-3-glucoside (blackberries, boysenberries, passion fruit, raspberries)
- Ellagic acid (blackberries, muscadine grapes, pomegranates & pomegranate juice)
- Fisetin (apples, kiwifruit, strawberries)
- Lupeol (red grapes, mangoes)
- Quercetin (black currants, cranberries & lingonberries, raspberries)
- Resveratrol (blueberries & bilberries, red grapes, red currants)
- Rutin (blackberries, plums, raspberries)
- Ursolic acid (apples - especially the peel, cherries - especially sour or tart, cranberries & lingonberries)
Fruit compounds should be obtained by eating fruit rather than taking supplements. When a beneficial micronutrient is administered at low doses by consuming food, it is likely to have subtle chemopreventive effects, whereas the same compound administered at high doses is more likely to have pharmacological effects, with possible unwanted outcomes. For example, resveratrol supplementation has been shown to promote mammary tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models of ER- breast cancer.